| Can I access my funds before retirement? | Yes, but early withdrawals (before age 59½) are generally taxed as income plus a 10% penalty. | Yes, you can withdraw contributions anytime (no tax/penalty). Earnings withdrawn before 59½ may face tax and penalty. | Funds are locked for the certificate term. Early withdrawal usually means a penalty fee and loss of interest.
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| Do I get a tax break now or later? | Contributions may be tax-deductible now; withdrawals in retirement are taxed as income. | No tax deduction now, but qualified withdrawals in retirement are tax-free. | No tax benefits on contributions; earnings are taxed as ordinary income when withdrawn. |
| What if I think my tax rate will be higher in retirement? | Less ideal — withdrawals will be taxed at your future rate. | A good choice — you pay taxes now and avoid them later. | Not designed for tax strategy — focus is on a fixed, guaranteed return. |
| How flexible are contributions? | Annual contributions up to IRS limits; must have earned income. | Same as Traditional: annual contributions up to IRS limits with earned income | One-time deposit required; no ongoing contributions during the term. |
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